In 2018, federal education data revealed that Black students face harsher discipline in public schools than their white peers. Years later, a new study shows little has changed.
Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, analyzed federal data from the 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 school years. They found Black students are still punished more often—through suspensions, expulsions, and even physical discipline—despite efforts to reduce racial disparities.
Key Findings:
Black students were 3.6 times more likely to receive out-of-school suspensions than white students.
They were 2.5 times more likely to be suspended in school and 3.4 times more likely to be expelled.
In wealthier schools, racial disparities in discipline were even greater.
In alternative schools, Black students were 15 times more likely to face physical punishment (such as spanking) than white students. (Physical discipline remains legal in 22 states.)
Harmful Consequences
Research shows punitive discipline harms students’ mental health, academic success, and future behavior. A 2022 review linked harsh punishments to higher risks of depression, addiction, and even suicide. A 2021 study found suspensions and expulsions do not improve behavior but do lower graduation rates.
Experts Weigh In
Dr. Sean Darling-Hammond, the study’s lead author, said, “We have decades of research showing exclusionary discipline makes students behave worse, feel less safe, and perform poorly. Seeing such stark disparities for young Black children—who need inclusion and support—is heartbreaking.”
Dr. Sadé L. Lindsay, a policy expert at Cornell, added, “Despite years of awareness and policy changes, Black students still bear the brunt of school punishment. This suggests policies aren’t being implemented effectively—or aren’t addressing root causes.”
A Call for Change
Lindsay urged schools to adopt new strategies that support all students without fueling racial inequities. “We need input from students, families, and educators to create policies that promote safety without pushing kids into the school-to-prison pipeline,” she said.
The Bottom Line:
Black students in U.S. public schools continue to face higher punishment rates, leading to worse academic and mental health outcomes. Without meaningful reform, experts warn, these disparities will persist.
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