As summer approaches, the U.S. is expected to face one of its hottest seasons in years. Climate scientists predict that within the next five years, at least one year will surpass 2024 as the hottest on record globally. With more frequent and intense heat waves, the toll on physical and mental health is escalating, particularly for vulnerable populations. Children, the elderly, outdoor workers, and those with preexisting mental health conditions are at greatest risk.
Heat waves are now the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the U.S. An estimated 1,300 people die annually due to heat-related complications such as heat stroke. Even survivors of extreme heat may face long-term mental health issues or neurological disorders.
A recent study published in Current Environmental Health Reports reveals that the world is largely unprepared to address the mental health effects of climate change. The study examined 83 heat-related action plans worldwide, and found that less than a third addressed the mental health impacts of extreme heat. Furthermore, only 20% of these plans included concrete actions for managing increased hospitalizations for mental health disorders during heatwaves.
How Extreme Heat Affects the Brain
The human body functions best at 98.6°F (37°C). When exposed to high temperatures, the body becomes dehydrated, causing blood to thicken and impairing oxygen flow to the brain. The brain consumes about 20% of the body’s energy and requires efficient cooling to function properly. In hot, humid conditions, sweating becomes less effective, leading to heat exhaustion. Symptoms of heat exhaustion include dizziness, weakness, and headaches. In extreme cases, heat stroke can result, causing delirium or unconsciousness. Many heat stroke survivors experience lasting neurological damage.
Extreme heat also worsens mental health, increasing the risk of suicide and exacerbating conditions like schizophrenia, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease. Heat exposure can impair sleep, heightening fatigue and reducing cognitive function. Certain medications, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, may make individuals more vulnerable to heat-related mental health issues.
During heat waves, hospitals see a surge in patients seeking help for mental health conditions. The intense heat can cloud judgment, making it difficult for people to recognize the need for shelter or medical assistance.
Vulnerable Populations at Risk
People with existing mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of extreme heat. Research also suggests that prolonged heat exposure may increase the likelihood of mental health issues in children and even unborn babies. Older adults are at heightened risk, with heat exacerbating conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Those without air conditioning, such as the poor, homeless, or outdoor workers, are especially at risk. Many people living in these conditions may face severe health consequences during heat waves.
What Can Be Done?
Experts recommend a multi-faceted approach to protect vulnerable populations from the mental health impacts of extreme heat. Public awareness campaigns can help educate people about the mental health risks of alcohol and drug use during heat waves. Community cooling shelters should be established to provide relief during heat emergencies, and mental health patients should be closely monitored during heat events.
As extreme heat becomes a more regular part of life, it’s crucial for communities to be prepared. Addressing the mental health consequences of heat waves should be a priority in efforts to reduce the impact of climate change on public health.
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